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B.02.a.vii. - Naturopathy's Vitalism - Pro-Science Org.s, Industry Proponents:
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Pro-Science Org.s:
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the American Council on Science and Health states:
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[in "The Unhealthy Alliance" (2007)]
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"naturopathy: a system of treatment based on the belief that the cause of disease is based on violation of nature's laws. Naturopaths believe that diseases are the body's effort to purify itself, and that cures result from increasing the patient's vital force by ridding the body of toxins. Naturopathic treatments can include 'natural food' diets, vitamins, herbs, tissue minerals, cell salts, manipulation, massage, exercise, diathermy, colonic enemas, acupuncture, and homeopathy. Like chiropractors, many naturopaths believe that virtually all diseases are within the scope of their practice";
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(click here,
http://www.fluoridationcenter.org/papers/1999/barrettunhlthy.html)
(archived here,
(for the archive.org history of this page, click here,
https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.fluoridationcenter.org/papers/1999/barrettunhlthy.html)
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the American Medical Association states:
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[in "AMA Scope of Practice Data Series [...] Naturopaths" (2020)]
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"students in naturopathy schools worldwide are taught to abide by these principles. [#1] First do no harm (primum no nocere). Illness is a purposeful process of the organism. The process of healing includes the generation of symptoms that are, in fact, an expression of the life force attempting to heal itself. Therapeutic actions should be complementary to and synergistic with this healing process. The naturopathic physician’s actions can support or antagonize the actions of the vis mediatrix [sic.] naturae, the healing power of nature [...#2] the healing power of nature (vis mediatrix [sic.] naturae). The body has an inherent ability to establish, maintain and restore health. The healing process is ordered and intelligent; nature heals through the response of the life force. The naturopathic physician’s role is to facilitate this process [...] naturopathic practice may include the following diagnostic and treatment modalities [...] energy-based treatments, including reiki, biofeedback and therapeutic touch; and therapeutic exercise [...] energy medicine. Energy therapies involve the use of energy fields. They are of two types. 1. Biofield therapies are intended to affect energy fields that purportedly surround and penetrate the human body. The existence of such fields has not yet been scientifically proven. Some forms of energy therapy manipulate biofields by applying pressure and/or manipulating the body by placing the hands in or through these fields. Biofields have defied measurement to date by reproducible methods. Therapies involving these putative energy fields are based on the concept that human beings are infused with a subtle form of energy. This vital energy or life force is known by different names in different cultures, such as qi (pronounced 'chi'). In traditional Chinese medicine, the vital energy or life force is supposed to regulate a person’s spiritual, emotional, mental and physical health, and to be influenced by the opposing forces of yin and yang. Vital energy is believed to flow throughout the human body, but it has not been measured by means of conventional instrumentation. Nonetheless, therapists claim that they can work with this subtle energy, see it with their own eyes, and use it to effect changes in the physical body and influence health [...] Hawaii H.R.S. § 455-1 [...] the practice of: natural medicine, natural therapeutics, and natural procedures, for the purpose of removing toxic conditions from the body and improving the quality, quantity, harmony, balance, and flow of the vital fluids, vital tissues, and vital energy";
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[at the Montana Medical Association web site](click here,
http://www.mmaoffice.org/Meetings/Legislative%20Committee/Meetings/2014/4_15_2014/sop-naturopath.pdf)
(archived here,
(for the archive.org history of this page, click here,
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[at the State of New Mexico Regulating and Licensing web site](click here,
https://www.rld.state.nm.us/uploads/files/AMA%20SOP%20Module%20Naturopaths%202018%20FINAL.PDF)
(archived here,
(for the archive.org history of this page, click here,
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.[in "Report 12 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (A-97) Full Text" (1997)]
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"energy healing. Biofield, or energy healing, is described by its proponents as ‘one of the oldest forms of healing known to humankind’ […] theories[!] related to this practice involve transfer of energy from healer to patient in unknown ways, either from a supernatural entity or by manipulating the body's own ‘energy fields.’ Over 25 terms are used in various cultures to describe this life force […] naturopaths practice various treatments such as manipulation and massage, and use herbs, acupuncture, and traditional Oriental medicine. Its practitioners treat underlying causes of illness by facilitating the body's response to disease through its 'life force'";
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(click here,
http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13638.html)
(archived here,
http://web.archive.org/web/20060302091315/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13638.html)
(for the archive.org history of this page, click here,
https://web.archive.org/web/2018*/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13638.html)
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the Center For Inquiry states:
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[in "Can Naturopathic Doctors Combat COVID-19?" (2020)]
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"[via London, W.M. (EdD MPH)] naturopathic practice consists of a hodgepodge of mostly unvalidated and invalidated methods to supposedly: (1) identify causes of illnesses, and (2) assist the healing power of nature known as the vis medicatrix naturae, which NDs view as based in vitalism and as an extension of creator consciousness or cosmic consciousness. As described in The Skeptic’s Dictionary: 'vitalism is the metaphysical doctrine that living organisms possess a non-physical inner force or energy that gives them the property of life. Vitalists believe that the laws of physics and chemistry alone cannot explain life functions and processes.' Vitalism has not contributed to the progress of science, and neither has naturopathy since John Scheel, a practitioner in New York City, coined the term in 1895. Vitalism-based medicine is not science-based. I doubt that any NDs can facilitate a vitalistic healing power of nature for their patients just as I doubt that there are real Jedi knights who can use 'The Force.' Vitalism in naturopathy is most obvious in practices such as 'energy medicine'methods, chakra balancing, crystal healing, homeopathy, medical intuition, and reiki, but it can also underlie herbal medicine treatments. Some naturopathic nonsense is more pseudoscientific rather than vitalistic [...] in the words of 'SkepDoc' Harriet Hall, MD, [naturopathy] 'mixes good science with bad science, pseudoscience, outright errors of fact, vitalism, philosophy, ancient history, superstition, gullibility, misrepresentations, metaphysics, religion, hearsay, opinion, and anecdotes'";
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(click here,
https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/can-naturopathic-doctors-combat-covid-19/)
(archived here,
(for the archive.org history of this page, click here,
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the Kentucky Council Against Health Fraud states:
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[in "A Scientific Look at Alternative Medicine: Homeopathy, Naturopathy, Energy Medicine, and Other 'Holistic' Approaches. Part 2: Naturopathy" (2020)]
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"[via Wheeler, T.J. (PhD ?)] 'naturopathy did not spring from a unified doctrine and lacks coherence in both theory and practice. It is characterized by a miscellany of vitalistic approaches... (Raso 1994. 'Alternative' Healthcare: A Comprehensive Guide) [...] 'vitalism is a doctrine that the functions of a living organism are due to a vital principle distinct from physicochemical forces (Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary) which denotes a paranormal 'life force.' Vitalists are generally not only nonscientific, but antiscientific because they abhor the reductionism (v. holism), materialism (v. etherealism) and mechanistic (v. mystical) causal processes of science. Its belief in vitalism (vis medicatrix naturae) can be seen in its over-riding tendency to overstate the body's self-healing power, and the beneficence of natural remedies' [...] (Jarvis 1997. NCAHF Fact Sheet on Naturopathy. National Council Against Health Fraud) [...] 'the practice of NM is guided by six philosophical principles. These principles include honoring the healing power of nature (vis medicatrix naturae)' [...] (Tippens et al. 2012. Op. cit.) [...] Hall (2018 Aug 14. Science-Based Medicine blog) reviewed Textbook of Natural Medicine, the leading textbook in naturopathy. 'It is hard for me to fathom how such a textbook could exist in the 21st century and how anyone could characterize it as scientific. Despite the plentiful citations, the content is a bizarre, uneven potpourri of good science, bad science, pseudoscience, vitalism, philosophy, ancient history, superstition, gullibility, misrepresentations, metaphysics, religion, hearsay, opinion, and anecdotes'";
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(click here,
https://sites.google.com/site/kycahf/holistic/holistic-part-2)
(archived here,
(for the archive.org history of this page, click here,
https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://sites.google.com/site/kycahf/holistic/holistic-part-2)
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[in "A Scientific Look at Alternative Medicine: Homeopathy, Naturopathy and other 'Holistic' and 'New Age' Approaches" (2006)]
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“[via Wheeler, T. ] homeopathy […] invokes a vague, undefined vital force in allowing healing […] ’naturopathy did not spring from a unified doctrine and lacks coherence in both theory and practice. It is characterized by a miscellany of vitalistic approaches’ […] ‘vitalism is: ‘a doctrine that the functions of a living organism are due to a vital principle distinct from physicochemical forces’ […] a paranormal ‘life force’ […] ‘a subtle energy, vibration field, non-linear electromagnetic energy, or spirit or vital force’”;
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(click here,
https://sites.google.com/site/kycahf/holistic)
(archived here,
https://web.archive.org/web/20200828021106/https://sites.google.com/site/kycahf/holistic)
(for the archive.org history of this page, click here,
https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://sites.google.com/site/kycahf/holistic)
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(click here,
http://kcahf.org/content/holistic06.htm)[not archived]
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the Mayo Clinic states:
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[in "Complementary and Alternative Medicine: What is It?" (2006)]
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"energy therapies. Some complementary and alternative medicine practitioners believe an energy force flows through your body. You can't see this energy, but if its flow is blocked or unbalanced you can become sick. Different traditions call this energy by different names, such as chi, prana and life force. Unblocking or re-balancing your energy force is the goal of these therapies, and each one accomplishes that goal differently. Proponents of acupuncture, for instance, believe that the insertion of needles into points along energy pathways in your body restores your natural energy. Other energy therapies include therapeutic touch, in which practitioners move their hands back and forth across your body to manipulate your energy, and reiki, a Japanese technique that transfers healing energy from one person to another. Others you may have heard of include magnet therapy, polarity therapy and light therapy";
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(click here,
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alternative-medicine/PN00001)
(archived here,
(for the archive.org history of this page, click here,
https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alternative-medicine/PN00001)
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Metagenics.com states:
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[in "Naturopathy" (20xx)]
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"[NOT!] scientific principles. Naturopathic medicine is vitalistic in its approach [to state vitalism as scientific is to engage in pseudoscience]";
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(click here,
http://metagenics.com/resources/imc/OneMedicineProf/ProfModalities/Naturopathypm.html)[not archived]
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the National Center For Science Education states:
[NCSE]
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[in "Deposition of John F. Haught, PH.D." (2017)]
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"vitalism is the view that some special extranatural or supernatural force has to enter into the universe to elevate inanimate matter to the level of living stuff";
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(click here,
https://ncse.ngo/files/pub/legal/kitzmiller/depositions/2005-06-01_deposition_Haught.pdf)
(archived here,
(for the archive.org history of this page, click here,
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(click here,
http://ncse.com/files/pub/legal/kitzmiller/depositions/2005-06-01_deposition_Haught.pdf)
(archived here,
(for the archive.org history of this page, click here,
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[in "Creation / Evolution" (1995)]
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"vitalism: something inherent in life that is not material";
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(click here,
https://ncse.ngo/files/pub/CEJ/pdfs/CEJ_37.pdf)
(arcchived here,
https://web.archive.org/web/20200903064254/https://ncse.ngo/files/pub/CEJ/pdfs/CEJ_37.pdf)
(for the archive.org history of this page, click here,
https://web.archive.org/web/2020*/https://ncse.ngo/files/pub/CEJ/pdfs/CEJ_37.pdf)
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(click here,
http://ncse.com/files/pub/CEJ/pdfs/CEJ_37.pdf)
(archived here,
https://web.archive.org/web/20141004165817/http://ncse.com/files/pub/CEJ/pdfs/CEJ_37.pdf)
(for the archive.org history of this page, click here,
https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://ncse.com/files/pub/CEJ/pdfs/CEJ_37.pdf)
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the National Council Against Health Fraud states:
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[in "NCAHF News, November/December 1996 - Volume 19, Issue #6" (1996)]
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"belief in vitalism, 'the doctrine that the functions of a living organism are due to a vital principle distinct from physicochemical forces' (Webster's Dictionary); or, 'the theory that biological activities are directed by a supernatural force; opposed to mechanism' (Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary) provides the conceptual underpinnings that sustains the perpetual plague of quackery. Vitalistic healing systems [...] alleged 'life force:' ancient Egypt, ankh; ancient Greece, pneuma; anthroposophical medicine, formative force / ether body / astral body; ayurvedic medicine (Hindu), prana; chiropractic, innate; energy medicine, energy body / aura / Kirlian effect etc.; homeopathy, vital energy; magnetic healing (Mesmerism), animal magnetism; naturopathy, vis medicatrix naturae; primitive medicine, mana / orenda / tane / gana / sila oki etc.; radiesthesia / medical, dowsing radiation; Reichian psychotherapy, orgone energy; therapeutic touch; prana; traditional Chinese medicine / Taoism, chi / qi / ki";
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(click here,
http://www.ncahf.org/nl/1996/11-12.html)
(archived here,
http://web.archive.org/web/20011124093408/http://www.ncahf.org/nl/1996/11-12.html)
(for the archive.org history of this page, click here,
https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.ncahf.org/nl/1996/11-12.html)
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[in "NCAHF News, May/June 1993 - Volume 16, Issue #3" (1993)]
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"we suspect that what Fetzer is talking about is not the 'mind' in terms of psychobiology (i.e., brain functioning) but a transcendent metaphysical concept of 'mind' (i.e., soul or spirit). 'Alternative medicine' theories founded upon the existence of a transcendent soul are ayurvedic medicine (prana), Chinese medicine (chi), chiropractic (the Innate), energy medicine (bioelectricity), homeopathy (vital force), naturopathy (vis medicatrix naturae), Scientology (thetan), therapeutic touch (prana, again)";
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(click here,
http://www.ncahf.org/nl/1993/5-6.html)
(archived here,
https://web.archive.org/web/20060815073837/http://www.ncahf.org/nl/1993/5-6.html)
(for the archive.org history of this page, click here,
https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.ncahf.org/nl/1993/5-6.html)
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the National Health Museum's Access Excellence states:
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[in "A Visit With Dr. Francis Crick: Glossary" (2006)]
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"vitalism - the idea that life processes have a component entirely separate from the constraints of the laws of natural science";
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(click here,
http://accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/crick_glossary.html)
(archived here,
https://web.archive.org/web/20060720121037/http://accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/crick_glossary.html)
(for the archive.org history of this page, click here,
https://web.archive.org/web/2008*/http://accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/crick_glossary.html)
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Industry Proponents:
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Nature's Plus The Energy Supplements states:
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[in "Homeopathic Essentials" (Lane, J.; Energy Times 2000-02-01)]
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"how it works: the vital force. Homeopathy embraces a philosophy centered on the concept of 'vital force,' an intelligent, dynamic life force within each individual responsible for maintaining one's life and balance on all levels. The vital force creates a defense mechanism similar to the immune system, but incorporates protection against imbalances on the emotional and mental planes as well. Homeopathy equates disease with imbalance [...] homeopaths regards these symptoms as evidence of the vital force's curative exertions, not merely annoyances to be eliminated. Symptoms guide the homeopath in his or her attempts to harmoniously augment the efforts of the vital force";
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(click here,
http://www.naturesplus.com/healthlibrary/libDetail.asp?criteria=sf&fullArticle=yes&sf=8&searchVar=&articleID=20000102)[not archived]
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